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“ Art itself may be defined as a single-minded attempt to render the
highest kind of justice to the visible universe, by bringing to light the
truth, manifold and one, underlying its every aspect.” Joseph Conrad
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CONTINENTAL WESTWARD
EXPANSION
ContentsCONTINENTAL WESTWARD EXPANSION
Stannard, Holocaust
Churchill, Genocide
Gwynne, Fall of the Comanches
EXPANDING OUTWARD
LaFeber, Economic Expansion
McCoy and Scarano, Expansion South and West
Gabriel,
(Go to US Imperialism Pacific/E.
American
Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
David E. Stannard. Oxford
416 pages; 32 illus.
For four hundred years--from the first
Spanish assaults against the Arawak people of Hispaniola in the 1490s to the U.S. Army's massacre of Sioux Indians at Wounded
Knee in the 1890s--the indigenous inhabitants of North and South
America endured an unending firestorm of violence. During
that time the native population of the Western Hemisphere
declined by as many as 100 million people. Indeed, as historian David E. Stannard
argues in this stunning new book, the European and white American destruction
of the native peoples of the Americas
Stannard begins with a portrait of the enormous richness and diversity of life in theAmericas prior to Columbus Mexico and Central and South America, then north
to Florida , Virginia ,
and New England, and finally out across the Great Plains and Southwest to California and the North Pacific
Coast New World 's original inhabitants. Advancing a thesis that
is sure to create much controversy, Stannard contends that the perpetrators of the American Holocaust drew on the same ideological
wellspring as did the later architects of the Nazi Holocaust. It is an
ideology that remains dangerously alive today, he adds, and one that in recent
years has surfaced in American justifications for large-scale military
intervention in Southeast Asia and the Middle East .
At once sweeping in scope and meticulously detailed, American Holocaustis a work of impassioned scholarship that is certain to ignite intense historical and moral debate.
Stannard begins with a portrait of the enormous richness and diversity of life in the
At once sweeping in scope and meticulously detailed, American Holocaustis a work of impassioned scholarship that is certain to ignite intense historical and moral debate.
About
the Author)
David
E. Stannard is Professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii Puritan
Way Hawaii
A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust
and Denial in the Americas
Reader ReviewsWard
Churchill has achieved an unparalleled reputation as a scholar-activist and
analyst of indigenous issues in North America .
Here, he explores the history of holocaust and denial in this hemisphere,
beginning with the arrival of Columbus
and continuing on into the present.
He frames the matter by examining both "revisionist"
denial of the nazi-perpetrated Holocaust and the opposing claim of its
exclusive "uniqueness," using the full scope of what happened in
Europe as a backdrop against which to demonstrate that genocide is precisely
what has been-and still is-carried out against the American Indians.
Churchill lays bare the means by which many of these
realities have remained hidden, how public understanding of this most monstrous
of crimes has been subverted not only by its perpetrators and their
beneficiaries but by the institutions and individuals who perceive advantages
in the confusion. In particular, he outlines the reasons underlying the United States
In conclusion, Churchill proposes a more adequate and
coherent definition of the crime as a basis for identifying, punishing, and
preventing genocidal practices, wherever and whenever they occur.
Ward Churchill (enrolled Keetoowah Cherokee) is Professor
of American Indian Studies with the Department of Ethnic Studies at the
University of Colorado-Boulder. A member of the American Indian Movement since
1972, he has been a leader of the Colorado
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'THE WAR THAT MADE AMERICA
“By removing the French presence from America, the war deprived North
American native Americans from an ally they needed to combat Anglo-American
settlers who were determined to expand westward [and] the war caused the
colonists to view native Americans as mortal enemies to be exterminated and
removed as obstacles to expansion. . . .the French and Indian War began the
glorious process of our own independence but precipitated our regretful
destruction of native Americans’ way of life and culture.” Mark Lamberth, ADG (12-23-2012).Empire of the Summer Moon
Empire of the Summer Moon:
Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most
Powerful Indian Tribe in American History By S. C. Gwynne. Scribner, 2010.
About This Author
In the tradition of Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, a
stunningly vivid historical account of the forty-year battle between Comanche
Indians and white settlers for control of the American West, centering on
Quanah, the greatest Comanche chief of them all.
S. C. Gwynne’s Empire of the Summer Moon spans two astonishing stories. The first traces the rise and fall of the Comanches, the most powerful Indian tribe in American history. The second entails one of the most remarkable narratives ever to come out of the Old West: the epic saga of the pioneer woman Cynthia Ann Parker and her mixed-blood son Quanah, who became the last and greatest chief of the Comanches.
Although readers may be more familiar with the tribal names Apache and Sioux, it was in fact the legendary fighting ability of the Comanches that determined just how and when the American West opened up. Comanche boys became adept bareback riders by age six; full Comanche braves were considered the best horsemen who ever rode. They were so masterful at war and so skillful with their arrows and lances that they stopped the northern drive of colonialSpain
from Mexico and halted the
French expansion westward from Louisiana .
White settlers arriving in Texas from the
eastern United States
were surprised to find the frontier being rolled backward by Comanches
incensed by the invasion of their tribal lands. So effective were the Comanches
that they forced the creation of the Texas Rangers and account for the advent
of the new weapon specifically designed to fight them: the six-gun.
The war with the Comanches lasted four decades, in effect holding up the development of the new American nation. Gwynne’s exhilarating account delivers a sweeping narrative that encompasses Spanish colonialism, the Civil War, the destruction of the buffalo herds, and the arrival of the railroads—a historical feast for anyone interested in how theUnited States
came into being.
Against this backdrop Gwynne presents the compelling drama of Cynthia Ann Parker, a lovely nine-year-old girl with cornflower-blue eyes who was kidnapped by Comanches from the farTexas
frontier in 1836. She grew to love her captors and became infamous as the
"White Squaw" who refused to return until her tragic capture by Texas
Rangers in 1860. More famous still was her
son Quanah, a warrior who was never defeated and whose guerrilla wars in
the Texas Panhandle made him a legend.
S. C. Gwynne’s account of these events is meticulously researched, intellectually provocative, and, above all, thrillingly told. Empire of the Summer Moon announces him as a major new writer of American history.
S. C. Gwynne’s Empire of the Summer Moon spans two astonishing stories. The first traces the rise and fall of the Comanches, the most powerful Indian tribe in American history. The second entails one of the most remarkable narratives ever to come out of the Old West: the epic saga of the pioneer woman Cynthia Ann Parker and her mixed-blood son Quanah, who became the last and greatest chief of the Comanches.
Although readers may be more familiar with the tribal names Apache and Sioux, it was in fact the legendary fighting ability of the Comanches that determined just how and when the American West opened up. Comanche boys became adept bareback riders by age six; full Comanche braves were considered the best horsemen who ever rode. They were so masterful at war and so skillful with their arrows and lances that they stopped the northern drive of colonial
The war with the Comanches lasted four decades, in effect holding up the development of the new American nation. Gwynne’s exhilarating account delivers a sweeping narrative that encompasses Spanish colonialism, the Civil War, the destruction of the buffalo herds, and the arrival of the railroads—a historical feast for anyone interested in how the
Against this backdrop Gwynne presents the compelling drama of Cynthia Ann Parker, a lovely nine-year-old girl with cornflower-blue eyes who was kidnapped by Comanches from the far
S. C. Gwynne’s account of these events is meticulously researched, intellectually provocative, and, above all, thrillingly told. Empire of the Summer Moon announces him as a major new writer of American history.
“Transcendent . . . Empire of the Summer Moon is
nothing short of a revelation . . . will leave dust and blood on your jeans.”
-- New York Times Book Review
"In Empire of the Summer Moon, Sam Swynne has
given us a rich, vividly detailed rendering of an important era in our history
and of two great men, Quanah Parker and Ranald Slidel Mackenzie, whose
struggles did much to define it."
-Larry McMurtry
-Larry McMurtry
OUTWARD FROM THE CONTINENT
Walter LeFeber’s “The New Empire” : An
Interpretation of American Expansion 1860-1898 (New York, Cornell
University Press, 1963).
Walter LaFeber’s
“The New Empire” proposes that American foreign policy from 1860-1898 was framed by
extra-continental expansion based upon on economic need to find foreign markets in
which to sell American surpluses. By examining the early theorizing of this economic cause of expansion, its formulation
through intellectual, strategic, and economic channels, and the
reaction of policymakers to changing economic situations through the use of expansion from 1893-1898,
LaFeber
claims that the “New Empire” established by 1899 was the
culmination of an American foreign policy whereby policymakers such as Seward, Blaine, Mahan, and Cleveland used American expansion to
establish an economic chain of markets beneficial to the growth of
the United States. LaFeber begins with the origin of the idea and the policymakers, such as William Seward and James
Blaine, who he claims set the economic driven expansion
in motion. He uses quotes from Seward such as, “The Nation that draws most materials and
provisions from the earth, and fabricates the most, and sells the most
of productions and fabrics to foreign nations, must be, and will be, the
greatest power of the earth,”
To showcase early calls for economic expansion. He presents Blaine’s ability to take the idea to a broader level when he quotes him as
saying, “wherever a foothold is found for American enterprise, it is quickly
occupied, and this spirit of adventure, which seeks its
outlet in the mines of South America and the railroads of Mexico, would
not be slow to avail itself of openings for assured and profitable enterprise.”
He claims the formulation of the
idea of economic driven expansion occurred on an intellectual, a strategic, and
an economic level through the work of men such as Mahan, Blaine, and Patterson. LaFeber uses Mahan to show the intellectual
realization that too much surplus lowered prices in the U.S.
LaFeber uses James Blaine to point
out the strategic need to protect American access toforeign markets when he quotes him as saying, “You know I am not much of an annexationist; though I
do feel that in some directions, as to naval stations and points of influence, we must look forward to a departure from
the too conservative opinions which have been held hithertofore.”
He pointsout the economic formulation
during the debate in the House over tariffs in1894 of the call
for lower tariffs and trade expansion in order to pull the country out of a depression by men like Josiah
Patterson of Tennessee
LaFeber supports his economic driven expansion
thesis by describing direct manifestations of expansion caused
by this idea, including the Venezuelan Border Crisis of 1895-96
and the Spanish-American War of 1898.
LaFeber quotes a State Department official who claims
that after the Venezuelan Border Crisis of 1895 it was clear
that “when our manufacturers must help to swell the
volume of our export trade…It has been the task of Mr. Cleveland’s foreign policy to prepare the way for them, to insure a hospitable
reception for them.”
He then uses an excerpt from the
Banker’s Magazine to show the economic push toward war with Spain over Cuba, citing
that “so many of our citizens are so involved in the
commerce and production of the island, that to protect these interests…the U.S. will have eventually to force the
establishment of fair and reasonable government.”
The problems with LaFeber’s thesis begin in his presentation of how economic driven expansion
was developed by men like Seward and Blaine inthe 1850s and 60s. While Seward and Blaine were expansionists, Seward was distracted by the Civil
War and out of a position of power by 1869 and Blaine
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Colonial Crucible Empire in the Making of the Edited by Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano
“The superb essays
in this volume admirably provide a broad approach to understanding the
centuries-long growth of American power.”—Walter LaFeber, author of The
New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898
At the end of the nineteenth century the United
States swiftly occupied a string of small islands dotting the Caribbean and
Western Pacific, from Puerto Rico and Cuba to Hawaii and the Philippines. Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the
Modern American State reveals how this experiment in direct
territorial rule subtly but profoundly shaped U.S. policy and practice—both
abroad and, crucially, at home. Edited by Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A.
Scarano, the essays in this volume show how the challenge of ruling such
far-flung territories strained the
Moving well beyond theory, this volume takes the next step, adding a fine-grained, empirical texture to the study of
“Brilliantly illustrates
the myriad ways in which the costs of empire-building are borne, although
neither equally nor obviously, by both colonizers and the colonized.”
—Franklin W. Knight, Leonard and Helen R. Stulman Professor of History,
 Alfred W. McCoy is the J. R. W. Smail Professor of History at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison and author of A
Question of Torture and The Politics of Heroin.  Francisco A. Scarano is professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and author of |
SOUTHERN EXPANSION: HAITI
Paramilitarism
and the Assault on Democracy in Haiti
by
In this
path-breaking book, Jeb Sprague investigates the dangerous world of right-wing
paramilitarism in Haiti Haiti Haiti
but also in the United States
and the Dominican Republic
The product of years of original research, this book draws on over
fifty interviews—some of which placed the author in severe danger—and more than
11,000 documents secured through Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. It
makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of Haiti
It is absolutely imperative
for Haiti
In this crucial work, based on
years of interviews, investigative reporting, and analysis of classified U.S.
government documents, veteran journalist and scholar Jeb Sprague provides a
shocking account of the role of paramilitaries in subverting the aspirations of
the Haitian people for democracy, freedom, and development. He shows with great
detail and analytical acuity how these paramilitaries
are in the service of local and transnational elites whose dual agenda is
to repress those popular aspirations and to integrate Haiti
This book offers the most
substantial and detailed account yet written of the paramilitary insurgency
that contributed to the internationally-sanctioned overthrow of Haiti Dominican
Republic
This book offers a brilliant
diagnosis of the history of political violence in Haiti Haiti
One might quibble about Jeb
Sprague’s evaluation of Lavalas’s historical accomplishments, but one cannot
deny that his book is a major and provocative contribution to our understanding
of the travail of Haitian paramilitarism since the fall of the Duvalier
dictatorship in 1986. Paramilitarism and the Assault on Democracy in Haiti is a must-read not only for
Haitianists, but also for anyone interested in the processes of political
destabilization and popular disempowerment.
NORTHERN
Towards the Militarization of the Arctic :
The US-Canada Tri-Command Strategy
Integration of US Northern Command (USNORTHCOM), Canadian Joint
Operations Command (CJOC) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)
By Dana Gabriel
The Arctic has become an
important part of North American perimeter security. Recently, the U.S. and Canada
On December 11, 2012, the U.S. and Canada signed the Tri-Command Framework for Arctic Cooperation which will further integrate United States
Northern Command (USNORTHCOM), Canadian Joint Operations Command (CJOC) and
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD).
According to a press release, the framework is designed to, “promote
enhanced military cooperation in the Arctic
and identify specific areas of potential Tri-Command cooperation in the
preparation for and conduct of safety, security and defense operations.”
USNORTHCOM, CJOC and NORAD will work more closely in the region
with regards to planning, domain awareness, information-sharing, training and
exercises, operations, capability development, as well as in the area of
science and technology. This also ties in with the Tri-Command Training and Exercise Statement of Intent. The
newly signed military document is aimed at, “enhancing joint and combined
readiness in support of safety, security and defense missions through combined
training and exercises and reinforcing partnerships and collaboration among the
Commands.”
The latest U.S.-Canada military agreements are part of the
Tri-Command strategy and demonstrate the importance being placed on the Arctic . The Tri-Command Vision has
previously called for USNORTHCOM, NORAD and Canada Command which has now been
replaced by CJOC to, “Improve unity of effort with each other and with our
respective mission partners; develop a culture of continuous collaboration and
cooperation in planning, execution, training, information management, and
innovation; enhance intelligence and information sharing and fusion.”
In order to better achieve these objectives, “The Commands shall
develop and share comprehensive, situational awareness and a common operating
picture, and must strive to interact seamlessly with each other and with our
respective civil authorities, non-governmental organizations and other mission
partners.” The Tri-Command is part of efforts to merge both countries, security
and military priorities under the umbrella of a single, U.S.-dominated North
American Command.
As part of the April 2011 U.S. Department of Defense Unified Command Plan, responsibility for the Arctic region
is now shared between USNORTHCOM and USEUCOM. With the move, USNORTHCOM was
given the primary task of planning and advocating for future Arctic
capabilities, as well as engaging with stakeholders across the U.S. Canada ’s 2010 military sovereignty exercise, Operation Nanook included
the U.S. and Denmark Arctic is also an emerging issue for the NATO alliance. Canada and the U.S. Canada
and other northern partners has become an essential component of America
In mid-2013, Canada
will begin chairing a two-year term of the Arctic Council with
the U.S.
The intergovernmental forum which also includes Denmark , Finland ,
Iceland , Norway , Sweden
and Russia Canada Arctic
and there are calls to have similar meetings on a regular basis.
The U.S. and Canada share similar goals and concerns in the Arctic and are further building up their military
presence in the region. With a strategic framework in place, both countries are
working towards establishing a North American Arctic foreign policy. At times,
Canadian and Russian rhetoric in regards to Arctic sovereignty has been
reminiscent of the Cold War era. Rising tensions could further escalate the
militarization of the far north. Increasing diplomatic efforts is the key to
building the foundation for more multilateral cooperation in the area. While
the process to resolve territorial disputes and the scramble to secure
resources has thus far been peaceful, the Arctic
still remains a potential flashpoint for conflict.
Dana Gabriel is an activist and
independent researcher. He writes about trade, globalization, sovereignty,
security, as well as other issues. Contact:beyourownleader@hotmail.com. Visit his blog at Be Your
Own Leader
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