25. WAR WATCH WEDNESDAYS, JUNE 9, 2021
CHALMERS JOHNSON’S FOUR BOOKS ON THE US EMPIRE
“BLOWBACK” TRILOGY AND DISMANTLING THE EMPIRE by Paul
Leonard, October 7, 2011 BOOK FORUM
Chalmers Johnson co-founded the Japan
Policy Research Institute and was professor emeritus at the University of
California, San Diego. He was a contributor to the Los Angeles Times, the London Review of Books, and The Nation magazine prior to his death
in 2010.
Chalmers’ early books covered his
area of expertise, East Asia, while his later books added subjects such as the
CIA, foreign military bases, globalization and free trade, militarism of space,
the imperial presidency, and most importantly, trends toward militarism and
imperialism. His books contain numerous
examples of sometimes embarrassing, sometimes appalling actions by both the CIA
and the military. Throughout his
writing, Chalmers central belief was
this: The preservation and expansion of
the U.S. global empire of military bases would either result in a form of
imperial presidency or civilian dictatorship or more likely, a severe economic
decline for the U.S. He also thought
both outcomes could be avoided and Constitutional Law restored by scaling our
military back to a truly defensive posture.
Chalmers was not an anti-military advocate. More accurately, he had seen firsthand the
disadvantages of military bases in foreign countries and believed this global
footprint should be reduced. He makes a
convincing case that large foreign bases in Germany, Japan, and South Korea are
the result of Cold War mentalities that are costly, counter-productive, and at
odds with their stated purpose of mutual security. He clearly details other hazards associated
with the nearly one thousand foreign military bases (those we know of)
including noise and environmental pollution, accidents resulting in foreign
citizen deaths, crime especially sexual assaults, interference with foreign
domestic policies, support for dictatorial or un-elected governments, and
propensity for blowback. Blowback is a
CIA term used to describe unintentional consequences of usually secret
policies. Chalmers quotes Osama himself
referring to the American military presence in Saudi Arabia after the World
Trade Center blowback.
Chalmers book Blowback, written in 1999, opens with the
story of the military jet in Italy in 1998 that cut a ski-lift cable sending
twenty people to their deaths. The jet
was flying both too fast and too low.
Not only was no one held liable, no restitution was paid to the families
due to opposition in the House of Representatives and at the Pentagon. Blowback is full of examples of
military mistakes and negligence that could result in blowback to U.S.
citizens. The book did not guess the
date and location of the World Trade Center blowback (supposedly the CIA’s job)
but he warned us of the possibility multiple times in this book. To quote page 13: Quote “Even an empire cannot control the
long-term effects of its policies. That
is the essence of blowback. Take the
civil war in Afghanistan in the 1980s, …the United States also helped bring to
power the Taliban… It is likely that U.S. covert policies have helped create
similar conditions… and that we are simply waiting for the blowback to occur.”
End quote
In Blowback, Chalmers writes
at length about the military bases and status of forces agreements (SOFA) in
Japan and South Korea. Status of Forces
Agreements detail the terms of the U.S. military presence in the host
countries. The SOFAs purpose is always
mutual security but they usually exempt U.S. military forces from the local
legal system and allow base closures with out reclamation.
The Japanese situation is especially troublesome because most of the
U.S. military presence is found in Okinawa, not Japan. The Okinawans are culturally distinct from
the Japanese and had their own separate kingdom until Japan annexed the island
by force in the late 1800s. In spite of
a long history of Okinawan protests, the Japanese government finds Okinawa the
best location for the U.S. military. The
Japanese are generally not in favor of the military presence but are conflicted
and don’t want the U.S. to leave due to their concerns about China. In the
1930s when Japan invaded China, estimates of civilian casualties were higher
than when Germany invaded Russia. There
is also popular lingering resentment among the Chinese over the fact that the
Communist Party rose to power during this conflict.
In Chalmers’ next book, The Sorrows of Empire, he gives many details about foreign
military bases including locations, historical and present, and actual vs.
stated purposes. This book continues the
exposure of the counter-productivity of foreign military bases, for example,
(pause) Quote “…the Yongsan Army Base occupying 630 prime acres in the center
of Seoul, South Korea, is … a monument to American cultural and historical
insensitivity. It is located on the site
of Japan’s old military headquarters created in 1894 and a symbol of Japan’s
hated occupation of Korea.” End
quote. Many similar Iraqi examples are
also included.
Continuing in Sorrows of Empire,
Chalmers focused on militarism as the driving force behind U.S. foreign
policy. He believed there were three
broad indicators or hallmarks of militarism.
To quote “…The first is the emergence of a professional military class
and the subsequent glorification of its ideals… There is a large group of
professional militarists who classify everything they do as secret and who have
been appointed to senior positions throughout the executive branch... The
second political hallmark of militarism is the preponderance of military
officers or representatives of the arms industry in high government positions….
The third hallmark of militarism is a devotion to policies in which military
preparedness becomes the highest priority of the state.” End quote. Research, development, and production of
military weapons and technology exist in every state and almost every
university in the country. With a little
help from Congress, those budgets are renewed or increased year after year.
Chalmers’ next to last book, Nemesis, is named after the
Greek goddess of divine justice, retribution, and vengeance, the punisher of
pride and hubris. His warnings about the
imperial presidency, the entrenched armaments industries, and the standing
armies reached their peak in this book.
He wrote in detail about the transformation of the CIA from its original
purpose of gathering intelligence and advising the president to its current
purposes of supporting executive policies and covert operations. Most of all Chalmers wanted us to be aware
of, and wary of, the envelope of secrecy surrounding events in the never-ending
war on terror.
Many Congressional laws that the Bush
Administration subverted, defied, or modified with signing statements have not
all been resolved with the current administration. One of these is the Presidential Records Act,
Quote “… making the papers of a former president federal property upon his
leaving office. It required that such
records be transferred to the Archivist of the United States, who was ordered
to open them to the public after no more than twelve years. …On November 1,
2001, just as a small portion of the Reagan administration’s presidential
papers was about to be opened to the public, President Bush issued Executive
Order 13233 countermanding the Presidential Records Act. It gave him (as well as former presidents)
the right to veto requests to see his presidential records… the order states
that access will be granted only at the discretion of the sitting president in
consultation with the former president, if still living. It has been widely speculated that Bush’s
intent was to protect his father…from being implicated in the crimes committed
during the Iran-Contra affair…’ End quote. The Obama administration’s first
executive order addressed Bush’s executive order not to rescind it but to
clarify procedures to claim executive privilege.
One of the chapters in Nemesis is
titled “Comparative Imperial Pathologies: Rome, Britain, and America”. What a great chapter title, “Comparative
Imperial Pathologies”. You don’t need to
read the chapter to guess something probably looks and smells bad. This is the kernel of Chalmers’ decades of
research and analysis, the parallels to empires past.
In his last book, Dismantling The Empire, Chalmers
updates, summarizes, and provides new commentary on his previous work. He began to believe strongly that bankruptcy
was in the U.S. future, “flirting with insolvency” as he called it. He believed the U.S. military had ignored the
lessons learned by Britain and the Soviet Union in Afghanistan andwas
prolonging the inevitable. The last
chapter of the book contains a list of ten key steps to dismantling the empire,
avoiding bankruptcy, and restoring the U.S. democracy. For someone looking for an introduction to
his writing, his first book Blowback or his last book Dismantling The
Empire are suggested. And all of these books are available at our public
library. Thank you.
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